 |
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 |
|
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Environment Canada’s Protected Areas Network
Why protected areas? Why are some areas set aside for wildlife? Canada is renowned as a land of magnificent natural scenery and a wealth of wildlife. What many people may not know, however, is that some of the country’s most important sites for wildlife and coincidentally, some of its most scenic sites, are protected spaces for wildlife.
Canada is renowned as a land of magnificent natural scenery and a wealth of wildlife. What many people may not know, however, is that some of the country’s most important sites for wildlife and, coincidentally, some of its most scenic sites, are protected spaces for wildlife.
Why have these areas been set aside? Each wild plant and animal species needs habitat—a particular location with specific characteristics, including an appropriate climate and available food and shelter, where wildlife may live. Animals that migrate, such as caribou, monarch butterflies, and many birds, need several habitats. They may breed in one habitat during summer, winter in another, and cross a number of other habitats as they undertake seasonal migrations. To preserve abundant and diverse wildlife populations in Canada, we need to ensure suitable habitats exist. This is the purpose of Environment Canada’s protected areas. The Canadian Wildlife Service identifies wildlife habitat of national ecological importance whose loss would have a direct impact on the Canadian population of one or more wild species, and it works closely with many groups to ensure that such areas are protected as NWAs and MBSs.
How are areas established? How are protected areas established? North America’s oldest waterfowl sanctuary at Last Mountain Lake in Saskatchewan was set aside by Parliament in 1887 to protect breeding grounds for “Wild Fowl.” In 1916, Canada and the United States signed the Migratory Birds Convention which obliged both countries to preserve migratory birds and protect them from indiscriminate slaughter. Canada implemented the convention through the Migratory Birds Convention Act of 1917 under which Last Mountain Lake became an MBS. The Migratory Birds Convention Act and the MBSs established under that act protect migratory birds against physical disturbance and hunting, which was the main threat in the early part of the century, but they do not protect habitat or species of wildlife other than migratory birds. By the 1960s and 1970s, significant wildlife habitats, particularly wetlands, were being lost at an alarming rate. The Canada Wildlife Act (1973) was passed to authorize the establishment of sites known as National Wildlife Areas in which migratory birds and other wildlife, particularly species at risk and most importantly, their habitat, could receive protection. In 1994, the act was amended to allow for the protection of marine areas as well.
The Species at Risk Act (SARA), which was proclaimed in 2003, expands the scope for applying NWA and MWA status to protect wildlife habitat. SARA aims to protect species recognized as being at risk nationally or regionally, as well as their habitat. SARA also amends the Canada Wildlife Act to allow the Minister of the Environment to give other federal ministers the power to name and manage NWAs. Usually, CWS staff nominate a potential protected area, although members of the scientific community, provincial biologists, conservation groups, Aboriginal groups, and private citizens have all made proposals that have been adopted.
To be considered for designation as an NWA, a site must contain “nationally significant” habitat for migratory birds, support wildlife or ecosystems at risk, or represent a rare or unusual wildlife habitat or biogeographic region. NWAs must be comprised of land or waters under federal jurisdiction. MBSs must regularly support at least 1 percent of a population of a migratory bird species or subspecies. They may be comprised of federal, provincial, and/or private lands. Because NWA and MBS sites are selected based on their ecological importance for wildlife populations, several sites may be located in one region, as they are in the St. Lawrence valley. Sites may also be added to or removed from the network as their importance for wildlife changes. Once a site is identified, CWS staff map the proposed area and conduct an inventory of the wildlife. CWS must then either obtain the landowner’s agreement for the designation, in the case of an MBS, or establish federal title to the land or water for an NWA. Finally, the site is officially “scheduled” under either the Migratory Bird Sanctuary Regulations or the Wildlife Area Regulations. This is a legislative process that includes publication in the Canada Gazette.
Migratory Bird Sanctuaries
As of October 2010, MBSs cover approximately 11.4 million hectares. The largest federally designated area to protect migratory birds in Canada is the Queen Maud Gulf MBS, which was created in 1961 on the northern mainland tundra of Nunavut. Over 90 percent of the world’s population of a small white goose, called Ross’s Goose, nest there. The Queen Maud lowlands shelter the largest variety of geese of any nesting area in North America, including Ross’s Geese, Lesser Snow Geese, Canada Geese, White-fronted Geese, Atlantic Brant, and Black Brant, as well as Tundra Swans.
The Migratory Bird Sanctuary Regulations prohibit disturbance of migratory birds, their eggs, and their nests within an MBS. The regulations also prohibit disturbance of migratory birds’ habitat when MBSs are established on federal Crown land. In most MBSs, visitors must not carry firearms or allow their pets to run at large. However, in northern Canada Aboriginal people have the right to carry firearms in MBSs for traditional hunting and trapping purposes. Management includes monitoring wildlife, maintaining and improving wildlife habitat, periodic inspections, enforcement of hunting prohibitions and regulations, and the maintenance of signs. Research is also an important function of the protected areas; CWS staff carry out and coordinate research at some sites.
National Wildlife Areas The purpose of NWAs is to conserve essential habitats for migratory birds and other wildlife species, especially endangered wildlife. As of October 2010, the NWAs protect just short of 1 million hectares of habitat.
CWS prepares a management plan for each NWA with the involvement of the local communities. The plan specifies activities that are generally allowed and identifies additional activities to be allowed under permit. For example, traditional uses such as berry picking, canoeing, hunting, fishing, and trapping may be generally allowed, while oil drilling, livestock grazing, or haying could be allowed with strict limitations under a yearly permit. Management plans may also specify how and where to make habitat improvements. Examples include planting native vegetation to provide food and cover and make the landscape more attractive to birds and other wildlife. Management plans must respect Aboriginal rights and practices specified under land claims agreements. Under the Canada Wildlife Act, public education and research are also goals of NWAs. Although only some NWAs offer pportunities for public use, most NWAs don’t. In others, research and protection of sensitive natural resources take precedence. For example, access to Scotch Bonnet Island NWA in Lake Ontario is restricted because the island is used for long-term studies of the effects that environmental contamination of the Great Lakes is having on wild birds. All these education and research activities are regulated to prevent declines in wildlife populations and deterioration of habitats.
The Canada Wildlife Act can also be used to designate protected areas that would highlight the long-standing interaction of Aboriginal peoples with Canada’s natural spaces. The primary reason for establishing these areas would be the maintenance of their ecological value and biodiversity. The history of use and cultural value of these areas to Aboriginal peoples and the role that Aboriginal people would play in managing the areas would also be considerations.
International recognition Many NWAs and MBSs have also been accorded international recognition. The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, more commonly known as the Ramsar Convention, identifies and recognizes wetlands of international importance. Canada has 36 such sites, of which 17 are NWAs and MBSs. The Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network links sites in different countries of North, Central, and South America that are essential to large numbers of shorebirds as they complete their yearly migrations of thousands of kilometres. Five sites are CWS protected areas. The Important Bird Areas (IBA) Program is a global effort of BirdLife International to identify and protect the most critical habitats for the world’s birds. Of the 597 IBAs that have been identified in Canada as being of worldwide, continental, or national significance, 89 are located partially or wholly in NWAs or MBSs. The international UNESCO biosphere reserve program aims to conserve biodiversity while taking human development into account. Four of the 12 biosphere reserves in Canada are part of CWS’s protected areas network.
Public Use Wildlife conservation is the primary purpose of Environment Canada’s protected areas, with only some offering visitor facilities, and limited activities and services: Alaksen NWA in British Columbia; Cap Tourmente NWA in Quebec; St. Clair NWA in southwestern Ontario; Mary’s Point Unit of Shepody NWA, Cape Jourimain NWA, and Machias Seal Island MBS in New Brunswick; Chignecto NWA in Nova Scotia; and Last Mountain Lake NWA and MBS in Saskatchewan provide special facilities to view wildlife. In these protected areas, there may be exhibits, trails, brochures, and viewing stands to help visitors understand their surroundings. Locally published notices inform people about the activities that are generally permitted in protected areas, and people can consult the regional contacts provided at the end of this fact sheet to find out more about these activities. In some cases, special permits are required to engage in certain activities. For protected areas in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, and Prince Edward Island: Canadian Wildlife Service For sites in Quebec: Canadian Wildlife Service For sites in Ontario: Canadian Wildlife Service For sites in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, Nunavut, and the Northwest Territories: Canadian Wildlife Service For sites in British Columbia and Yukon: Canadian Wildlife Service Canadian Wildlife Service If you are interested in the nationwide system of Environment Canada protected areas, please contact: Canadian Wildlife Service
Resources Online resources Environment Canada – Species at Risk Print resources Canadian Environmental Advisory Council. 1991. A protected areas vision for Canada. Ottawa. Canadian Nature Federation. 2002. Conserving wildlife on a shoestring budget: Opportunities and challenges for Canada’s National Wildlife Areas, Migratory Bird Sanctuaries and Marine Wildlife Areas, Ottawa. (Available at the Canadian Nature Federation.) Canadian Wildlife Service. 1996. Criteria for selecting candidate National Wildlife Areas. Revised edition. Ottawa. Canadian Wildlife Service. 2002. Habitat Stewardship Program for species at risk. Ottawa. Available at www.cws-scf.ec.gc.ca/hsp-pih/default_e.cfm Gillespie, D.I., H.Boyd, and P. Logan. 1991. Wetlands for the world: Canada’s Ramsar sites. Canadian Wildlife Service, Ottawa. Wildlife Habitat Canada. 2001. The status of wildlife habitats in Canada 2001. Ottawa. © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, represented by the Minister of the Environment, 1994, 2003
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
